Nietzsche uses a genealogical method to trace the historical development of moral values, challenging conventional ideas about "good" and "evil".
In the first essay, Nietzsche distinguishes between "master morality" and "slave morality." Master morality is created by the strong and noble, who define what is good by their own power and happiness, labeling the weak as bad. Slave morality, developed by the oppressed, reverses this by labeling the powerful as evil and themselves as good, often driven by ressentiment or resentment.
The second essay explores the concepts of guilt, bad conscience, and punishment. Nietzsche argues these ideas originated not from moral transgressions but from economic debts and social contracts. "Bad conscience" arises from the need to repress natural instincts within society, turning aggression inward.
The third essay critiques ascetic ideals—self-denial and suffering—as life-negating and instruments of control. Nietzsche views these ideals as detrimental to human flourishing, advocating for a "transvaluation of values" that affirms life and vitality rather than self-sacrifice.
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"On The Genealogy of Morals: A Polemical Tract" by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, translated by Ian Johnston, is a philosophical work consisting of three essays that critically examine the origins and values of our moral concepts.